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The 2012 Quebec student protests were a series of student demonstrations led by student unions such as the Fédération étudiante universitaire du Québec and their supporters against a proposal by the Quebec Cabinet, headed by Liberal Premier Jean Charest, to raise university tuition from $2,168 to $3,793 between 2012 and 2018.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=La grève étudiante sur le web )〕 As part of the protest movement, a series of widespread student strikes were organized, involving half of Quebec's student population by April 2012.〔 A third of Quebec students continued to participate in the strike by its 100th day, while a quarter million had participated during its peak.〔Marquis, Eric, "(Quebec government escalates campaign to break student strike )," ''World Socialist Web Site'', 1 March 2012.〕 Other students continued to attend their courses. Left-wing groups endorsed the student protests, which evolved into generalized demonstrations against the provincial government. Opposition parties (Parti Québécois, Québec solidaire, Option nationale), workers unions (Confédération des syndicats nationaux, Canadian Union of Public Employees) and many groups demonstrated alongside the students in April and May 2012.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Droits de scolarité au Québec : un débat de société )〕 On May 18, the Government passed Bill 78, an emergency law forbidding picketing or protest near university grounds, and requiring police approval for large public protests anywhere in Quebec. The law was mainly repealed by the Marois government in September 2012〔Gouvernement du Québec, « (Décret 924-2012 ) », September 21, 2012, ''Gazette officielle'', , , .〕 and expired in 2013. In the Fall of 2012, with a new school term beginning, student participation in the strikes and demonstrations dwindled. The Quebec nationalist Parti Québécois was later elected as minority government and halted any tuition increases in line with its campaign promises. These protests are sometimes named ''Maple Spring'',〔 from the French ''Printemps érable'' which suggests ''Printemps arabe'' (Arab spring) as well as the maple tree which symbolizes Quebec and Canada.〔(Printemps érable : cinq choses à savoir sur le conflit des étudiants au Québec ) Sophie Malherbe, L'Express, 23 May 2012〕 == Historical context == Until the 1960s, post-secondary education in Quebec was not broadly pursued, partly due to costs. Following the Quiet Revolution, the government took over responsibility for higher education. Changes included the creation of a separate pre-university college level, a publicly funded college system, and providing universities enough funding so that it would be affordable to anyone who wanted to attend. University tuition fees in Quebec were frozen at $540 per year from 1968 to 1990. In 1994, annual tuition rose to $1668, after which it was frozen until 2007, when it grew by $100 per year until 2012, making it $2168. Overall, tuition increased an average of $37 per year or 300% between 1968 and 2012, not including other fees that are paid to universities (e.g. administration fees, student service fees, etc.). The overall cost living inflation as measured by an aggregate inflation index commonly used by economists rose 557% from 1968 to 1990,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.bankofcanada.ca/rates/related/inflation-calculator/ )〕 while Quebec maintained the lowest tuition fees in Canada.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=National – The Globe and Mail )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=How much will it cost you? )〕 Quebec students pay 10% of the cost and benefit from transfer payments from other provinces whose students pay up to three times more tuition. Quebec was a net recipient of transfer payments from the federal government, using these to fund social programs including education. The transfer payments were politically charged in provinces that giving more than they received from the federal government. In December 2010, Quebec university officials urged a five-year, $1500 tuition increase that would raise student costs by 80%. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「2012 Quebec student protests」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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